Physics Colloquium with Wallace Marshall
Learning without a brain - how a single cell processes information Abstract: Cells show a range of complex behaviors which might normally associated with cognition, including basic forms of learning such as habituation. The giant single-celled ciliate Stentor coeruleus is a pond-dwelling organism that attaches to substrates like pond plants and filter feeds by means of a ring of cilia at one end of the cell. Stentor cells can contract in response to mechanical stimulation, an effective escape mechanism but energetically costly. To avoid contracting due to random collision with non-threatening things like algae or pond plants, but still allow contraction when a large predator attacks, Stentor cells use a simple form of learning: when a cell is mechanically stimulated over and over again, it will gradually stop responding, representing a case of habituation. Our goal is to understand how a single cell learns, without a nervous system. We have developed automated devices for applying series of mechanical stimuli under computer control, which we are now using to test predictions of computational models for learning based on known or plausible biochemical mechanisms. Using this approach we have formulated a simplified biochemical model invoking known or suspected processes, which can account for all prior observations as well as new experiments designed to test the model. Based on this framework, we have investigated the molecular pathways involved in learning in Stentor, which suggests a role for CamKII kinase signaling in the learning process. Currently we are using a frequency domain analysis to probe the learning process, and find that the cell acts like a low pass filter with a fractional order transfer function, which provides us with a new way to discriminate among potential learning mechanisms. Biography: Wallace Marshall is Professor of Biochemistry and Biophysics at the University of California San Francisco. A native Long-Islander, he received his bachelor's degrees in Elec trical Engineering and Biochemistry from the State University of New York at Stony Brook, and his Ph.D. in Biochemistry from UC San Francisco, where he studied organization of chromosomes within the nucleus with John Sedat. He then moved to Yale University for postdoctoral studies with Joel Rosenbaum, where he became interested in questions of organelle size control and cell organization, using cilia, flagella, and centrioles as model systems. In 2003, he joined the faculty at UCSF where he continues to study questions of cellular organization in a variety of model organisms including green algae, yeast, ciliates, and mammalian cells. In r ecent years, his research program has expanded to include cellular engineering and the study of learning and computation in single cells. Dr. Marshall is an elected Fellow of the American Society for Cell Biology, former co-director of the Physiology summer course at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, and he currently is Director of the Center for Cellular Construction, an NSF Science and Technology Center \(STC\) devoted to engineering cells and tissues.single cell processes information
Abstract: Cells show a range of complex behaviors which might normally associated with cognition, including basic forms of learning such as habituation. The giant single-celled ciliate Stentor coeruleus is a pond-dwelling organism that attaches to substrates like pond plants and filter feeds by means of a ring of cilia at one end of the cell. Stentor cells can contract in response to mechanical stimulation, an effective escape mechanism but energetically costly. To avoid contracting due to random collision with non-threatening things like algae or pond plants, but still allow contraction when a large predator attacks, Stentor cells use a simple form of learning: when a cell is mechanically stimulated over and over again, it will gradually stop responding, representing a case of habituation. Our goal is to understand how a single cell learns, without a nervous system. We have developed automated devices for applying series of mechanical stimuli under computer control, which we are now using to test predictions of computational models for learning based on known or plausible biochemical mechanisms. Using this approach we have formulated a simplified biochemical model invoking known or suspected processes, which can account for all prior observations as well as new experiments designed to test the model. Based on this framework, we have investigated the molecular pathways involved in learning in Stentor, which suggests a role for CamKII kinase signaling in the learning process. Currently we are using a frequency domain analysis to probe the learning process, and find that the cell acts like a low pass filter with a fractional order transfer function, which provides us with a new way to discriminate among potential learning mechanisms.
Biography: Wallace Marshall is Professor of Biochemistry and Biophysics at the University of California San Francisco. A native Long-Islander, he received his bachelor's degrees in Electrical Engineerin g and Biochemistry from the State University of New York at Stony Brook, and his Ph.D. in Biochemistry from UC San Francisco, where he studied organization of chromosomes within the nucleus with John Sedat. He then moved to Yale University for postdoctoral studies with Joel Rosenbaum, where he became interested in questions of organelle size control and cell organization, using cilia, flagella, and centrioles as model systems. I n 2003, he joined the faculty at UCSF where he continues to study questions of cellular organization in a variety of model organisms including green algae, yeast, ciliates, and mammalian cells. In recent years, his research program has expanded to include cellular engineering and the study of learning and computation in single cells. Dr. Marshall is an elected Fellow of the American Society for Cell Biology, former co-director of the Physiology summer course at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, and he currently is Director of the Center for Cellular Construction, an NSF Science and Technology Center \(STC\) devoted to engineering cells and tissues.